There are several hypotheses as to the actual geographical origin of the Coburg Sands. The most plausible one yet seems to be by Ernst Cyriaci,[1] who assumes the family’s ancestral seat to have been located in the Thuringian Forest mountains, the “green heart” of Germany; viz., a long-deserted estate known as Sand [Sante],[2] near Welchendorf southeast of Schalkau. The evidence is an entry in the land tenancy records of Kunemund von Sonneberg (1231-1276), to the effect that “Hermannus de Sante quicquid habet in Melkendorf [sic] et Sante”.[3] The alternative view by Dr. Georg Berbig[4] locates the family in the “Amt im Sand” district near Meiningen in Thuringia,[5] where they held lands in fee from the counts of Henneberg.[6] The Sands served as court officials to the Thuringian landgraves until the 15th century.[7] In the status records of the Saxonian electors, the “vom Sande zu Coburgk” were ranked among the Franconian aristocracy, and in that capacity were summoned by name to the feudal diets held at Jena in 1511 and at Altenburg/Zwickau in 1531.[8]
Baron Otto von Schaumberg lists the family among the “vassals of the Schaumbergs before 1300”,[9] but then mistakenly adds that “the old Coburg township family von Sand fell extinct about 1790”.[10] The error probably goes back to a misleading annotation in the 19th century Yearbooks of the Saxonian Duchy of Coburg,[11] reporting that “the von Sand family, Coburg residents and clothmakers, died out here in the 1790s” – presumably a reference to the last male name-bearer to die in Coburg (August Eusebius von Sand Sr. XVI.13, 1747-1801), at a time when all other members of the family had already moved out of town. However, prematurely obituarized families may well survive longest after all …
Citizenship in Coburg
The death record of the Thuringian ‘ancestor’, Hermann von Sand I (I.01), appears in the Mortuary Book of the Franciscan abbey of Coburg – established about 1250 – under the date of 11 May (c. 1290);[12] and the entry concerning the earlier burial of his wife, Adelheid, under the date of 21 August (i.e., before 1290).[13]
Over the next century, a total of twelve more von Sand(t) (latinized as de Arena) are recorded in the Coburg area, – in the Franciscan Mortuary Book, and in land tenancy registers of the feudal lords of Schaumberg, Henneberg and Wettin, as well as of the Bamberg bishopric – all of whom may safely be assigned to the same family, even though their precise biographical data and filiation can no longer be ascertained. Eight of them at least were buried in the cemetery of Coburg’s Franciscan abbey. Their family attribution is based, inter alia, on their identical coat-of-arms (which appears seven times in the Mortuary Book, see Wappen-Crest-Blason), and on their lands-in-fee described in the documents, some of which remained in the family’s possession for several generations – such as the manor at Scherneck near Coburg, acquired in 1303 by the four brothers Eberhard I, Carl I, Eckehard and Conrad von Sand (II.01-04).
In the 14th century, the town of Coburg (under Henneberg rule since 1248)[14] gradually became the centre of life, and eventually home to the family for more than four centuries. In an arbitral award of 1384, Eberhard von Sand II (V.01) is first recorded as a juror (Schöffe) in the municipal court,[15] twelve years later he became a Coburg citizen: according to the city register, he swore feudal allegiance and his citizen’s oath on 17 January 1396.[16] That is the beginning of an unbroken genealogical line of family records.
There were solid economic reasons for the move from rural life to township residence.[17] Circumstances in the Franconian-Thuringian region were particularly critical at the time: The struggle for power among a multitude of rival feudal lords, secular or ecclesiastic, turned into armed conflicts during the 14th century, with covert or overt support from outside (by the Hapsburg and Wittelsbach dynasties). After the battle of Lucka in 1307, the Wettinian margraves of Meissen, though recognized by the emperor as landgraves of Thuringia in 1310, still had to enforce their supremacy by a bloody ‘county feud’ in 1342-46, and by a lot of nuptial politics. The lower landed gentry must have found it exceedingly difficult to survive between the front lines.[18] After Coburg had finally come under Wettinian rule in 1353 (and was to remain so until 1918!),[19] the rising capital of the “Saxonian homelands in Franconia” offered a degree of safety and social security that did not exist outside the town walls: “Many wealthy freeholders, fed up with the insecurity of country living, moved into towns and traded their military status – though with prior permission from their feudal lords – for a civil profession. Yet they retained possession of their lands and their nobility.”[20]
The Sands became one of the “clans eligible for council”; i.e., part of the dozen or so families of Coburg with whom they shared city government,[21] and with whom they frequently inter-married.[22] One of the sons of Eberhard II, Heinrich (Heinz) von Sand II (VI.03) was elected city councillor in 1453, and mayor in 1473;[23] his son in turn, Johann (Hans) von Sand V (VII.03) was councillor from 1503 onwards, and mayor in 1505-07 and 1510-11.[24] The family had risen from country squires to urban upper class.
From Councillors to Entrepreneurs
While the first two Sand generations in Coburg continued to live, as “landed citizenry”, from the agricultural revenue of their inherited or acquired lands-in-fee, city councillor Hans von Sand V for the first time assumed a professional guild title: “clothmaker” – a surname that was to accompany the family for eight generations.[25] It demonstrates the inevitable adaptation to an urban social structure, and the concomitant economic pressure to take up a civil occupation, as the price to be paid for integration in a town community. The “Sand clan” steadily grew. During the period from the 15th to the 17th century, at least five different branches flourished, with houses in different quarters of the town, also indicating differences in social status: The average tax revenue in the Herrngasse [masters’ lane], where goldsmith-councillor Balthasar von Sand I (VIII.04) had his house, was about three times that of the Webergasse [weavers’ lane] outside the Judentor [jews’ gate], where the poorer relatives made their living as wool-weavers.[26] While they, too, were entrusted with honorary civic functions in their suburbs,[27] it was no coincidence that Eva von Sand née Schaller (oo/X.05), a clothmaker’s widow who in 1631 was burnt on the stake as a witch,[28] also came from the socially disadvantaged weavers’ quarter.
In the course of time, other professions than clothmaking came to the fore: clergymen,[29] a prominent baroque painter,[30] and schoolmasters at the municipal college.[31] Hermann von Sand III (A.XII.21) from Coburg, who had studied at Wittenberg University in 1643, became a citizen of Frankfurt in 1661, married the daughter of a local bookseller, and with his sons Johann Adolph (A.XIII.38), Johann Maximilian I (A.XIII.43) and Dominik (A.XIII.47) founded what became one of the most important publishing houses in Frankfurt at the time.[32] Dominik von Sand also was the editor of a monthly newsletter, “Das Neueste von Historisch- und Politischen Sachen (bestehend in unterschiedlichen Urtheilen über die ietzigen Staaats-, Kriegs- und andere Affairen, schertz- und ernsthafft ausgeführet)”.[33] Johann Adolph von Sand enlisted as an officer in the army of the Palatine electors in 1696; the descendants of his son Matthias von Sand II (A.XIV.34) live in the Rhineland-Palatinate region today.[34]
Gabriel Johann von Sand (XIV.11), who established a textile trade firm in 1706 and was appointed Ducal trade agent in 1717, owned a dye-house on the Lauter River mill. In order to replace the plant-based dyes traditionally used by Coburg clothmakers – mainly dye-woad from Thuringia – by new chemical substitutes, two of his grandsons (Carl Valentin XVI.10 and August Eusebius Sr. XVI.13) acquired the site of a mineral spring discovered in 1733 at Grub-am-Forst near Coburg, and in 1772 obtained a Ducal concession to produce “Berlin blue”.[35] After their death, the Grub Blue and Sal-Ammoniac Factory was taken over by the Holtzapfel family, in whose possession it continued for almost 200 years; yet, local residents keep referring to the remaining factory building as ‘the Sands’ Blue-Factory’.
Gabriel’s youngest grandson, Johann Christoph von Sand IV (XVI.14), settled in Dresden as a tobacco manufacturer, and in 1775 was apponted Saxonian electoral court commissioner, “exempt from city jurisdiction”; in 1802, however, he fell into the Elbe River with his horse-drawn buggy, and drowned.[36] The former premises of his factory, in the Ostrawiese suburb,[37] are now occupied by the art-nouveau ‘Yenidze’ building of 1909.
Johann Michael von Sand Sr. (B.XIV.26),[38] son of Coburg schoolmaster Erhard von Sand VI (XIII.29), began an apprenticeship for textile trading in Nuremberg in 1729, which however landed him in a century-old social status conflict: for in Nuremberg, nobility titles were the exclusive privilege of the ruling patricians of the imperial city. The so-called “first estate”, consisting of 23 old families eligible for council – who had long ceased to be active as merchants, and largely lived off their estates – wielded almost unrestricted political power over city government since 1349, tenaciously defending their aristocratic privileges (confirmed by imperial decree in1697, and demonstrated by rigid dress and “dance etiquette”) against the other four estates, and against the merchants sine nobilitate in particular.[39] Hence the young “non-citizened” apprentice, merely to be accepted in the 4th estate (of tributary traders from out-of-town), had no choice but to renounce his old Coburg family prefix and henceforth humbly call himself ‘Johann Michael Sand’. That forcible name-change was later described, in the New York Times obituary of his grandson Christian Heinrich Sand Jr. (H.XVI.32), as follows: “He was descended from a noble family, von Sand, but an ancestor who entered upon commercial pursuits complied with the customs and prejudices of the aristocracy and henceforward dropped the title, transmitting to his grandson a better inheritance founded on nobility of character.”[40]
When the newly-commissioned tradesman realized that, even in light of the “Nuremberg Merchants’ Case” pending before the Imperial Court in Vienna since 1730, there was no prospect of amending those discriminatory patrician rules, he decided to move to the neighbouring town of Erlangen-Neustadt (then called Christian-Erlang, in the territory of the Margraves of Brandenburg). There, instead of patrician/guild or marriage restrictions, qualified newcomers enjoyed exemption from military service, and a number of economic incentives previously created for the benefit of Huguenot refugees who had begun to settle in Erlangen from 1686 onwards, and who had brought along new manufacturing skills for fashion products and a new demand for textiles in particular.[41] So Johann Michael Sand acquired citizenship in 1738, and a house in Spitalgasse 115 (preserved today, as Goethe-Str. 13), in the vicinity of which a cotton-printing factory also opened soon thereafter. His firm rose to become one of the leading textile houses in the new town – including silk trade with Italy (via Nuremberg), and cotton trade via Smyrna-Trieste-Nuremberg[42] – continued by his son Friedrich V (B.XV.46), and aided not least by the marriage of his daughter Sophie Christine Auguste (B.XV.48) to an Erlangen textile merchant, Georg Ulrich Brüxner,[43] whose eldest son Georg August Brüxner (B.XV.48/a) later became a trader and banker in St.Petersburg/Russia and eventually retired to Binfield Manor near London as George Augustus Bruxner.[44] Descendants live in England (from 1913 to 1954 also in Kenya),[45] and since 1874 in Australia and New Zealand.[46]
Other relatives were not affected by the change of name. Last bearer of the old family name in the Kingdom of Prussia was Johann Michael’s brother, Johann Erhard von Sand (XIV.23), wine customs inspector for the Prussian Rhineland province in Duisburg, †1748; in the Duchy of Coburg, August Eusebius von Sand Sr. (XVI.13), last owner of the blue-dye factory in Grub-am-Forst, †1801; in the Kingdom of Saxony, August Eusebius von Sand Jr. (XVII.01), last owner of the tobacco factory in Dresden, †1827. After all these branches fell extinct without male descendants, only two lineages remained in the 19th century: line A (Frankfurt-Palatinate), and line B (Erlangen-Wunsiedel).
Changing Places – Changing Times
The beginning of the 19th century was overshadowed by the Napoleonic wars in Europe, and by fears of revolution in Germany. The county of Ansbach-Bayreuth had passed from the Margraves of Brandenburg to Prussia by succession in 1792, and to France by war in 1807[47] – thus temporarily even turning the Sands in Erlangen and Wunsiedel into French citizens (same as their relatives in the Rhineland-Palatinate before, annexed by France in 1797). Under the Paris Treaty of 1810, Napoleon finally ceded the territories to his then ally, the King of Bavaria. The French and Bavarian troops then stationed in Erlangen (also in the Sands’ home across from the Neustädter Church, today Friedrich-Str. 7) were, however, resented as foreign occupants by the population.[48] It was only after Bavaria changed sides politically, by the Treaty of Ried in 1813, that something like an anti-French solidarity developed.
Following a call to arms by Bavaria’s King Max Joseph (“to my people”) in October 1813, the two cousins, Johann Friedrich Sand IX from Wunsiedel (D.XVI.18) and Gottfried Wilhelm Sand from Erlangen (E.XVI.27), volunteered for the 2nd battalion of Bavarian Chasseurs in Ansbach, and served in the campaigns of 1813 and 1815.[49] In the second French campaign in 1815, they were joined by the youngest of the Wunsiedel brothers, divinity student Carl Ludwig Sand (B.XVI.21), who however never saw active duty; for the battle of Waterloo was already over when the Ansbach Chasseurs had just crossed the Rhine and reached the Palatinate. Even so, the experience of the 'wars of liberation' was a decisive event for all three of them, although their later lives took different turns:
Johann Friedrich IX (‘Fritz’) returned to his career as a lawyer, in the long-standing legal tradition of the family, which has continued for six generations since;[50] and in 1824 acquired, for himself and his children, the foundry/country estate of Selingau (near Ebnath, in the Fichtelgebirge mountains), which was to remain in the family’s possession until 1905.[51] On the other hand, his brother Carl Ludwig became actively engaged in the radical German student movement which after the war hoped to enforce overdue democratic reforms in the country by revolution. His assassination of Czarist state counsellor August von Kotzebue, and his execution at Mannheim in 1820, caused shock in Europe. [51a]
By that time, the eldest brother, Georg Friedrich Karl Sand I (C.XVI.17), had already opted for liberal Switzerland: He had gone to St.Gall, obtained citizenship there in 1825, and thus founded the family’s ‘Swiss branch’.[52] His company rapidly grew into one of the leading transnational textile trade firms – the family’s old professional tradition – especially in cotton trade with the United States, to whom Napoleon had just sold the ‘cotton state’ of Louisiana (in 1803), and where Georg Friedrich Karl I now opened his branch office in New York. While most of the other Swiss descendants pursued their fortunes as businessmen, railway engineers and lawyers, his youngest son Viktor Arnold Sand (C.XVII.08) went to South America, and by marrying a Peruvian heiress in 1864 acquired cotton plantations there.[53] The descendants of his Lima-born daughter, Elise Maria de Cadoine, Marquise de Gabriac née Sand (C.XVIII.14),[54] live in France and in the Czech Republic.
By contrast, Gottfried Wilhelm Sand fell on hard times after his discharge from the army: Having lost his former job as an apprentice with the Royal Bavarian Road Construction Dept., he was without any income after the death of his widowed mother (Maria Sophie Wilhelmine Sand née Suckow, 1763-1816), and with the help of relatives first had to go about placing his younger brothers and sisters – in the middle of the economic depression of 1816-17 which set off a wave of emigration from Europe. He eventually enrolled in the Royal Dutch colonial service, became a port administrator in Surabaya/Indonesia and founded the ‘Javan’ branch of the family there, which survived for three generations.[55] Descendants of his daughter Anna Margaretha Sophie de Vogel née Sand (E.XVII.29) live in the Netherlands,[56] with a sub-branch in Canada.
Two of Gottfried’s younger brothers entered civil service in Bavaria: August Georg Friedrich Sand Sr. (F.XVI.29) as estate councillor for the Princes of Thurn-und-Taxis;[57] and Christian Friedrich Sand (G.XVI.31) as magistrate for the Princes of Schönburg-Waldenburg.[58] A third one, Christian Heinrich Sand (Henry, H.XVI.32), went to the United States in 1824 on behalf of the family’s St.Gall firm, to establish a local branch office in Philadelphia. He became a US citizen in 1834, successfully served on the boards of several German-American corporations, and in 1844-46 was elected chairman of the German Society of New York.[59] His eldest son Henry Augustus Sand (H.XVII.59) died as an officer in the American Civil War in 1862;[60] the two younger sons became Wall Street bankers, politically active in New York's Republican Union League Club; the youngest daughter, Julia Isabella Sand (H.XVII.65), was an artist and writer.[61] Two of his nephews from the Javan branch, as well as two children of his brother from Regensburg/Ratisbon, also spent time in the USA as part of their education; and two more Sands from Schwarzenbach later emigrated to North America. From 1900 onwards, the family was listed in the New York Social Register, and thus had established itself in the New World.[62]
That takes us into the 20th century, and to the 22nd recorded generation of the family. The tragedy of that century were the two World Wars, in which twelve members of the ‘Coburg Sand Clan’ fell as German soldiers – from Flanders to Finland,[63] – while others died as civilian victims of war and holocaust, [64] and which caused immense grief to everybody. The World Wars also engulfed descendants of the family’s emigrated branches abroad: One was wounded as Australian cavalry officer at Gallipoli in 1915,[65] one died as British infantry officer on the Belgian front in 1918;[66] three were killed as RAF flying officers in 1941-1943,[67] including one from the Javan branch, who as a student had joined the resistance in occupied Holland, escaped to England by canoe and volunteered as Spitfire pilot;[68] and another one perished in 1944 as a five-year-old in a Japanese internment camp.[69]
Their memory reminds and binds us.
Notes:
[1] E. Cyriaci, Die Coburger Familie von Sand 1275-1941, Coburg 1941, p. 5
[2] Local name Sandmüss (50°23’ N, 11°02’ E), about 10 miles north of Coburg; i.e., just across the former intra-German border (‘Iron Curtain’) until 1990. On deserted rural estates in Germany in the late middle-ages, see W. Abel (ed.), Die Wüstungen des ausgehenden Mittelalters: Ein Beitrag zur Siedlungs- und Agrargeschichte Deutschlands, 3rd edn. Stuttgart 1976. The settlement of Welchendorf-Seltendorf probably was originally Celtic; first documented in 1157 and under Henneberg rule since 1330, it has since 1994 been part of the community of Effelder-Rauenstein, in the district of Sonneberg/Thuringia
[3] O. von Schaumberg & W. Engel, Regesten des fränkischen Geschlechts von Schaumberg, Pt. II, Coburg 1939, p. 313, and note 12 below. By 1359, the lands-in-fee (demarcated since the 12th/13th century by a Sonneberg ‘fief stone’, preserved in the village of Seltendorf) had passed to the Coburg councillors’ family of Heller (neighbours of the Sands; W. Lippert & H. Beschorner eds., Das Lehnbuch Friedrichs des Strengen, Markgrafen von Meissen und Landgrafen von Thüringen, 1349-1350, Leipzig 1903, p. 171/no. XXXIV.10/11 and n. 6)
[4] G. Berbig (W.O.L. Sand ed.), Das Geschlecht der von Sand: Eine historische Studie, Zurich 1908, p. 6
[5] Described in J.L. Heim, Hennebergische Chronika: 2. Teil der Spangenberg-Hennebergischen Chronik, Meiningen 1767, p. 44. In the vicinity of the parish of Sands near Fladungen (Franconian Rhön mountains), which was destroyed during the 30-Years’ War, the ruin of a medieval manor has been reported (R. Hofer 1950, von Sand file, Deutsches Adelsarchiv/German Nobility Archives, Marburg), which might have been the Villa Sande in the Grabfeld/Tullifeld region mentioned by S. von Sanden (“Die Namen von dem Sande [à Sanden] und ähnliche”, Vierteljahresschrift für Wappen-, Siegel- und Familienkunde vol. 20/1892, p. 168), shown on an old map of Henneberg County as Sandes; see W. Reckwill, “Hennebergensis ditionis vera delineatio”, Antwerp 1574, in: A. Ortelius (ed.), The Theatre of the Whole World, London 1606/reprint Amsterdam 1968, fol. 55’; see also O. Dobenecker (ed.), Regesta diplomatica necnon epistolaria historia Thuringiae vol. 1, Jena 1896, p. 425
[6] Records for the years 1410 and 1438 (V.01 Eberhard vom Sande II and V.02 Johann vom Sande III, in Simmershausen and Gleicherwiesen, about 15 miles northwest of Coburg) reproduced in: J.A. von Schultes, Diplomatische Geschichte des Gräflichen Hauses Henneberg vol. I, Leipzig 1788/reprint Neustadt a.d. Aisch 1994, pp. 515-517; and G. Brückner (ed.), Hennebergisches Urkundenbuch Pt. VII, Meiningen 1877, p. 72
[7] Documents concerning the service of Johann vom Sande IV (V.06, 1394) as steward to Landgrave Balthasar [1336-1406], and Heinrich vom Sande I (V.07, 1407) as chamberlain to Landgrave Friedrich IV the Valiant [1370-1428]; see Saxonian Central State Archives Dresden, Kopialbuch 10004 vol. 2 (fol. 263’), vol. 29 (fol. 20’), vol. 32 (fol. 81); O. Posse & H. Ermisch (eds.), Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae Regiae: Urkunden der Markgrafen von Meissen und Landgrafen von Thüringen, Leipzig 1899-1902, vol. I/p. 513, vol. II/p. 527 and 534, vol. III/p. 90 (note on No. 100). Their precise affiliation to the Coburg and Erfurt lineages of the family has, however, not been investigated yet. On the status of the landgraves’ court officials (“service vassals”, later “service masters” ranking above ordinary knights) see R. His, “Zur Rechtsgeschichte des thüringischen Adels”, Zeitschrift des Vereins für Thüringische Geschichte und Altertumskunde vol. 22 (1903) pp. 1-35
[8] Hans von Sand V (VII.03, 1455-1524) and Eberhard von Sand IV (VII.04, 1470-1540); C.A.H. Burkhardt (ed.), Thüringische Geschichtsquellen: Ernestinische Landtagsakten von 1487-1532, Jena 1902, pp. 85 and 203. The Diet of Jena on 10 August 1511, attended by more than 700 feudal representatives, was both a military review and a demonstration of power by the Saxonian Elector Friedrich III [1463-1525] in his struggle against the archbishop of Mayence for predominance over Erfurt
[9] von Schaumberg & Engel (op.cit. note 3 above) p. 315, n. 6/26; and O. von Schaumberg, Regesten des fränkischen Geschlechts von Schaumberg Pt. I, Coburg 1930, p. 57 [the Sonneberg lands passed to the Schaumbergs by inheritance]. See also J. Looshorn, Geschichte des Bisthums Bamberg, III: Das Bisthum Bamberg von 1303-1399, Munich 1891/reprint Neustadt a.d. Aisch 1995, pp. 69, 643 and 651; and K.H. von Lang & M. von Freyberg (eds.), Regesta sive Rerum Boicarum Autographa vol. IV, Munich 1836, pp. 629-631; vol. V, pp. 194 and 280
[10] Ibid. (note 3 above) p. 170 n. 1/4
[11] P.K.G. Karche (ed.), Coburgs Vergangenheit: Jahrbücher der Herzoglich Sächsischen Residenzstadt und des Herzogtums Coburg von 1741-1828, vol. III, Coburg 1853, p. 8 n. 2; id., Älteste und ältere Geschichte der Stadt Coburg und der hiesigen Lande, nebst Nachrichten über die ältesten und über die Abstammung der meisten hier noch blühenden Familien, Coburg 1853
[12] Fol. 22’(e): Mamerti episcopi et confessoris obiit Hermannus Senter [vom Sand], hic sepultus; see K. von Andrian-Werburg, Das Totenbuch des Franziskanerklosters in Coburg, Neustadt a.d. Aisch 1990, p. 45/no. 132
[13] Fol. 39’(b): Privati episcopi et martiris, obiit Domina Adelheydis, uxor sentieri [vom Sandt], hic sepolta; with the family’s coat-of-arms, reproduced in Andrian-Werburg, op. cit. (note 12 above), p. 162/no. 8
[14] A. Höhn, Die Henneberger Herrschaft Coburg und ihre Bedeutung für die Geschichte des Coburger Landes, Coburg 1992; J. Mötsch, “Die Grafen von Henneberg und das Coburger Land im 13./14. Jahrhundert”, in: R. Burtz & G. Melville (eds.), Coburg 1353: Stadt und Land Coburg im Spätmittelalter, Coburg 2003, pp. 129-138
[15] von Schaumberg & Engel (op.cit. note 3 above) p. 119/no. 249
[16] K. von Andrian-Werburg, Das Älteste Coburger Stadtbuch 1388-1453, Neustadt a.d. Aisch 1977, p. 322/ no. 1808 (fol. 142’) and p. 338/no. 1919 (fol. 148)
[17] See H.E. Sand, Die Coburger Familie vom Sand: Nachträge zu E. Cyriaci, Wachenheim 1985, pp. 6-8
[18] On the armed feuds of 1386-1395 between the Franconian-Thuringian aristocracy (including the Barons von Schaumberg) and Landgravine Katharina (née von Henneberg-Schleusingen, †1397), see von Schaumberg & Engel (op.cit. note 3 above) pp. 268-271; and K. von Andrian-Werburg, “Die niederadeligen Kemnater im Coburgischen”, Jahrbücher der Coburger Landesstiftung vol. 30 (1985) pp. 97-136, at 103-104
[19] R. Butz, “Die Wettiner und das Coburger Land von 1353 bis zum Tode Markgraf Friederich III. von Meissen 1381”, in: Butz & Melville (op.cit. note 14 above) pp. 139-157
[20] J.A. von Schultes, Coburgische Landesgeschichte des Mittelalters, Coburg 1814, p. 149
[21] See K. von Andrian-Werburg, “Rat- und Stadtregiment im spätmittelalterlichen Coburg”, Jahrbücher der Coburger Landesstiftung vol. 27 (1978) pp. 83-106; and G.P. Hönn, Sachsen-Coburgische Historia vol. 1, Frankfurt & Leipzig 1700/reprint Neustadt a.d. Aisch 1986, pp. 77 and 107 (listing the von Sands among the “good old families of the town of Coburg, who in the old days were esteemed above others“)
[22] Inter alia, with the families von Burghausen (oo 1296), Buchner (oo 1340), (von) Bach (oo 1464), Schenk von Siemau (oo before 1500), von Heldritt ( (oo 1500), Herwart (oo 1520), Vogler (oo 1535), Hofler (oo 1540), Körner (oo 1565), Eyban (oo 1608), Bopp (oo 1645 and 1671), and Stössel (oo 1680). See Hönn (op.cit. note 21 above) p. 103; H. Schmiedel, “Die Buchner oder Bucher aus Coburg”, Blätter für fränkische Familienkunde vol. 9 (1966) pp. 22-24; W. Heins, “Die Schenken von Siemau und ihre Grundherrschaft von Suomen”, Geschichte am Obermain vol. 6 (1970-71) pp. 105-133; W. Eichhorn, “Familie und Nachkommen des Heinz Bach zu Coburg im 15. Jahrhundert”, Blätter zur Geschichte des Coburger Landes vol. 10 (1981) pp. 106-109; vol. 11 (1982) pp. 20-32, 37-44, 87-92; and vol. 12 (1983) pp. 22-25; H. E. Sand, “Zur Genealogie des fränkischen Geschlechts von Burghausen”, Jahrbuch für fränkische Landesforschung vol. 51 (1991) pp. 149-162
[23] Churchmaster since 1456, and until 1481 responsible for construction work at Coburg’s Church of St. Moriz; death record with coat-of-arms (dated 9 January 1497) in the Franciscan Mortuary Book, fol. 2(b); seal in H.E. Sand, “Das Totenbuch des Franziskanerklosters in Coburg”, Frankenland: Zeitschrift für fränkische Landeskunde und Kulturpflege vol. 43 (1991) p. 61. See also A. Neesius, Index aller reg. Bürgermeister so de anno ‘Christi 1465 bis inklusive 1674 in der Fürstl. Sächs. Residentz Coburg: Lob und ordentliche regiert und noch regieren, Coburg 1674, reprint by G. Berbig, “Die Bürgermeister der Stadt Coburg in den Jahren 1465 bis 1674”, in: G. Berbig, Bilder aus Coburgs Vergangenheit vol. 2, Leipzig 1907, pp. 167-175, at 173
[24] Seal and marriage contract (dated 20 January 1500) in the Coburg State Archives, doc. LA G 208; see Berbig (op.cit. note 23 above) p. 174, and G. Berbig, “Ein Ehe-Vertrag vom Jahr 1500”, Deutsche Zeitschrift für Kirchenrecht 44/3 = vol. 22 (1912) pp. 374-377
[25] Landgravine Katharina had settled the clothmakers’ trade in Coburg tax-free in 1386 (twelve master-weavers and one dyer; Saxonian Central State Archives Dresden, Copialbuch 31, fol. 65’-66); guild rules had been laid down in the Wool Weavers’ Statute of 1446, later revised by Duke Albrecht I in the Clothmakers’ Statute of 27 August 1684, Coburg City Archives doc. A 2917/I. By 1658, the linen-weavers, wool-weavers, clothmakers and wool-spinners were by far the largest guild in town, with a total of 104 artisans; see J. Behrens (ed.), Wachsen und Werden: Coburg Stadt und Land in neun Jahrhunderten, Coburg 1956, p. 47. As late as 1832, among the 9067 inhabitants of Coburg there were 136 linen-weavers and 55 clothmakers; H. Wolter, Coburger Geschichtsblätter vol. 10 (2002) p. 112. As a result of the rapid development of industrial textile production, however, the weavers’ handicraft totally disappeared from the town in the second half of the 19th century
[26] See H.E. Sand, “Bürger im spätmittelalterlichen Coburg: Ein Beitrag zur Sozialgeschichte Coburgs im 15. Jahrhundert”, Jahrbücher der Coburger Landestiftung vol. 31 (1986) p. 275. ‘Weavers’ lane’ already appears under that name in the 1399 city register; see F. Eberlein, “Die Strassennamen der Stadt Coburg”, Schriftenreihe der Historischen Gesellschaft Coburg 4 (1987) p. 138; and E. Eckerlein, “Aus der Geschichte zweier alter Gassen Coburgs, der Webergasse und der Walkmühlgasse”, in: E. Eckerlein, Coburger Heimat: Geschichte und Geschichten, Coburg 1996, pp. 76-86
[27] E.g., Peter von Sand I (XI.09) was “quarter chief and councillor before the Jews’ Gate” (the Jews’ Gate quarter provided about 70 members of the city guard); and Johann von Sand XIII (XI.04) was quartermaster of the military garrison in the Coburg fortress during the 30-Years’ War, Coburg State Archives LA F 3703 (1633)
[28] See W. Schneier, Coburg im Spiegel der Geschichte, Coburg 1992, p. 138; and E. Friedrich, Hexenjagden im Raum Rodach und die Hexenprozessordnung von Herzog Johann Casimir, Rodach 1995, pp. 24, 40 and 222
[29] Johannes von Sand I (XII.07, stud. theol. in Leipzig 1634 and Wittenberg 1638, Mag. Phil. 1644) was deacon of Old-Brandenburg from 1646 to 1685. A Bamberg deacon Christoph von Sand (stud. theol. in Leipzig 1537), who in 1540 lost his vicarage because of his advocacy of the reformation, and who in 1546 came to Coburg as a visiting preacher, probably belonged to the Würzburg family [unrelated, and extinct after the 16th century]; see F. Wachter, General-Personal-Schematismus der Erzdiözese Bamberg 1007-1907, Bamberg 1908, p. 412/no. 8470, M. Simon, Bayreuthisches Pfarrerbuch: Die evangelisch-lutherische Geistlichkeit des Fürstentums Kulmbach-Bayreuth, Munich 1930, p. 275
[30] Georg Balthasar von Sand (XIII.21, Portraits: XIII. Generation). See U. Thieme & F. Becker, Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart vol. 29, Leipzig 1935/reprint Munich 1992, p. 390; autobiography reprinted in L.M.H.C. Fischer, “Beiträge zur Geschichte des Coburger Gymnasiums”, Programme der Casimiriana (1801); and in Cyriaci (op.cit. note 1 above) p. 57/no. XXI
[31] Erhard von Sand VI (XIII.29) and Tobias Philipp von Sand Sr. (XIV.25), who had been a student at Coburg’s Gymnasium Casimirianum together with Goethe’s father, the later Imperial Councillor Johann Caspar Goethe [1710-1782]; T. Krieg, Das geehrte und gelehrte Coburg: Ein lebensgeschichtliches Nachschlagebuch, pt. 3, Coburg 1931, p. 23
[32] A. Dietz, Frankfurter Bürgerbuch: Geschichtliche Mitteilungen über 600 bekannte Frankfurter Familien aus der Zeit vor 1806, Frankfurt a. Main 1897, p. 195; J. Goldfriedrich, Geschichte des Deutschen Buchhandels vom Westfälischen Frieden bis zum Beginn der klassischen Literaturperiode 1648-1740 vol. 2, Leipzig 1908, p. 363; and A. Dietz, Frankfurter Handelsgeschichte vol. 2, Frankfurt 1921, pp. 170-171
[33] 1711-1714; see R. Naumann, Die Frankfurter Zeitschriften von ihrer Entstehung (um 1700) bis zum Jahre 1750, Offenbach 1936, pp. 49-57
[34] The Palatinate line became Catholic in the 18th century; see R. Jung (ed.), Familienbuch der Ortsgemeinde Hoppstädten-Weiersbach umfassend den Bevölkerungsteil der kath. Pfarrei Bleiderdingen einschliesslich der früheren Filialorte Heimbach und Leitzweiler für die Zeit von 1747 bis 1900, Idar-Oberstein 1986, pp. 230-231. Part of the Bavarian branch G (Schwarzenbach) also is Catholic; so is the ‘Peruvian/French’ section of branch C (St.Gall)
[35] Document reprinted in Cyriaci (op.cit. note 1 above) p. 62/no. XXIV
[36] Dresden City Archives, name file of the Council Archives; Saxonian Central State Archives Dresden 12881, Genealogica v. Sandt (31793/4702/VIII)
[37] Continued until 1827 by his nephew August Eusebius von Sand Jr. (XVII.01), later taken over by the Orientalische Tabak- und Cigarettenfabrik of court commissioner Hugo Zietz; in 1924 by the Reemtsma Co.; and during the time of the German Democratic Republic by the state-owned VEB Tabak-Kontor
[38] Portraits: XIV. Generation
[39] H.H. Hofmann, “Nobiles Norimbergenses: Beobachtungen zur Struktur der reichsstädtischen Oberschicht”, Zeitschrift für bayerische Landesgeschichte vol. 28 (1965) pp. 114-150; G. Hirschmann, “Das Nürnberger Patriziat”, in: H. Rössler (ed.), Deutsches Patriziat 1430-1740, Limburg 1968, pp. 257-276; I. Bog, in: G. Pfeiffer (ed.), Nürnberg: Geschichte einer europäischen Stadt, Munich 1971, p. 317; M. Diefenbacher, “Stadt und Adel: das Beispiel Nürnberg”, Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins vol. 141 (1993) pp. 64-68; and W. Schultheiss, Kleine Geschichte Nürnbergs, 3rd edn. Nuremberg 1997, p. 95
[40] New York Times of 10 March 1867, p. 5 col. 1
[41] E. Schubert, “Erlangen als Fabrikstadt des 18. Jahrhunderts“, in: J. Sandweg (ed.), Erlangen, von der Strumpfer- zur Siemens-Stadt, Erlangen 1982, p. 19; J. Bischoff, “Neue Gewerbe und Manufakturen”, in: A. Wendehorst (ed.), Erlangen: Geschichte der Stadt in Darstellung und Bilddokumenten, Munich 1984, p. 61
[42] S. Gramulla, “Nürnberger Kaufleute im Italienhandel zwischen 1720 und 1740”, Mitteilungen des Vereins für Geschichte der Stadt Nürnberg vol. 73 (1986) pp. 129-174
[43] 1776 (see Portraits: XV. Generation). Her elder daughter Christine Barbara (B.XV.48/c) in turn married a textile manufacturer, Heinrich Christoph Brandenburg (mayor of Wunsiedel, also in Margrave-Prussian territory), in 1805; whereas the younger daughter Friederike Wilhelmine (B.XV.48/d) married his brother Christian Heinrich Brandenburg, postal administrator of the Princes of Thurn-und-Taxis; see E. Jäger, Geschichte der Stadt Wunsiedel 1810-1932, Wunsiedel 1983, pp. 48-59
[44] Portraits: XVI. Generation
[45] Walter George Bruxner-Randall (*1888, great-grandson of Sophie Christine Brüxner née Sand) and his wife Dorothy Marguerite née Montgomery were killed by Mau-Mau rebels in 1954; London Times of 17 March 1954, p. 8 col. 1; see E. Huxley, Nellie: Letters from Africa, London 1984, p. 201; and R.B. Edgerton, Mau Mau: An African Crucible, New York 1989, p. 153
[46] See Henry Robert Bruxner, The Vicissitudes of a Franconian Family: Erlangen to St.Petersburg, Argyllshire and the Clarence, London 1911; and Sir Michael Bruxner, A Family Record, Sydney 1966
[47] Under the peace treaties of Schönbrunn 1805 and Tilsit 1807
[48] There is a lively description of those days in the memoirs of Christian Heinrich Sand Jr. (H.XVI.32), recorded in 1877-78 by his daughter Emily Isabella Rossire née Sand (H.XVII.58; Portraits: XVII. Generation)
[49] Both discharged at rank of second-lieutenant (Portraits: XVI. Generation); Bavarian Central State Archives: War Archives, officer files OP 81802/1816 and 81803/1816
[50] Fritz Sand was appellate counsel in Wunsiedel and Hof/Bavaria. His son Maximilian Emanuel Wilhelm (D.XVII.21; knighted in 1902, Bavarian nobility roll S 137) was presiding judge of the Augsburg Court of Appeals, his grandson Hermann Carl Ludwig (D.XVIII.37; Portraits: XVIII. Generation) K.C. in Augsburg, and his great-grandson Julius (D.XIX.26) judge at the Augsburg Court of Appeals. In continuation of that tradition (which had actually been started in 1384 by Juror V.01, Eberhard II, see note 15 above), five of the family’s current 66 name-bearers are lawyers; so are at least seven living descendants from among the American, Dutch, French and British/Australian relatives
[51] See F.C. Schäfer, Selingau: Zur Geschichte des Hammerwerks und des Hammergutes, Pressath 1988
[51a] On the voluminous literature (including the biographical novel by Alexandre Dumas Sr., Karl-Ludwig Sand, Paris 1941), see H.O. Sand, "Bibliographie über Carl Ludwig Sand", Einst und Jetzt: Jahrbuch des Vereins für corspstudentische Geschichtsforschung vol. 16 (1971) pp. 225-234; and E. Abbühl, Karl Ludwig Sand: sein Bild in der historischen Forschung und in der Literatur, PhD thesis Bern 1978. See also "The Narrative of Karl Ludwig Sand", in: W. Howitt, Life in Germany: Scenes, Impressions and Every-Day Life of the Germans, including the Popular Songs, Sports, and Habits of the Students of the Universities, London 1849, pp. 62-69; and W. Sand & H.O. Sand, "Ahnenliste des Carl Ludwig Sand (1795-1820)", Genealogie: Deutsche Zeitschrift für Familienkunde 44/vol. 22 (1995) pp. 718-749
[52] Branch C (St.Gall); see Portraits: XVI. Generation
[53] Portraits: XVII. Generation; his son Juan Victor Sand (C.XVIII.12) died in the Andes in 1892; see the family history (in the form of a historical novel) by Elizabeth Ingunza Montero, El Tren de la Codicia (2 volumes, Lima 2013-2014)
[54] Portraits: XVIII. Generation; married in 1890 the son of the French ambassador to Berlin, see E. de Sereville & F. de Saint Simon (eds.), Dictionnaire de la noblesse française, Paris 1975, p. 249
[55] Branch E (Surabaya). Last male name-bearer in the Netherlands-Indies: Johan (‘John’) Frederik Sand XI (E.XVIII, †1934 in Mojokerto/Java); see D. van Duijn, “Van Erlangen naar Soerabaja: Sand”, De Indische Navorscher vol. 11 (1998) pp. 49-54
[56] Nederland’s Patriciaat (The Hague) vol. 14 (1924) p. 361, vol. 22 (1935-1936) p. 139, vol. 39 (1953) p. 344
[57] Branch F (Regensburg/Ratisbon), now extinct. Last male name-bearer: Major Maximilian Ludwig Sand (F.XVII.40), participated as ensign in the assault on the Düppel fortifications during the German-Danish War 1849, later chief of the Upper Bavarian military police [Gendarmerie], †1884 in Munich; Bavarian Central State Archives: War Archives, officer file OP 22078/1884
[58] Branch G (Schwarzenbach), the largest surviving line of the family (47 living name-bearers)
[59] Portraits: XVI. Generation
[60] In the battle of Antietam/MD, as captain with the 103rd New York Volunteers, Portraits: XVII. Generation. His correspondence from the field, with biographical information and contemporary illustrations, has been published in book form, edited by Peter H. Sand and John F. McLaughlin, Crossing Antietam: The Civil War Letters of Captain Henry Augustus Sand, Company A, 103rd New York Volunteers (McFarland & Co., Jefferson/North Carolina 2015). Tombstone, with other Sand family graves, at Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery, lot 319/sec. 42
[61] J.I. Sand, Wahrheit und Dichtung: A Psychological Study Suggested by Certain Chapters in the Life of George Eliot, New York 1885. Her letters to US President Chester A. Arthur [1829-1886] are preserved among the presidential papers in the US Library of Congress; see F. Shelley, “The Chester A. Arthur Papers”, Library of Congress Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions vol. 16 (1959) pp. 115-122. See also T.C. Reeves, "The President's Dwarf: The Letters of Julia Sand to Chester A. Arthur", New York History: Quarterly Journal of the New York State Historical Association vol. 52 (1971), pp. 73-83
[62] Branch H (New York). Last name-bearer in the USA: Henry Augustus Low Sand (H.XVIII.93, Portraits: XVIII. Generation), LL.B. Harvard 1898, †1955 in Nantucket; see P.H. Falk (ed.), Who Was Who in American Art, Madison/CT 1985/reprint 1999, p. 540/no. 3724
[63] Six from the Ebnath branch (X1914 Wilhelm Schneider D.XVIII.23/b, X1915 Hans Sand D.XIX.10, X1917 Julius W.F. Sand D.XVIII.43, X1918 Walter Fikentscher D.XVIII.41/a and Carl Sand IV D.XIX.18 [Portraits: XIX Generation], and X1945 Ferdinand R. Sand D.D.XIX.20 ); three from the Schwarzenbach branch (X1918 Karl Georg Sand G.XIX.57, X1943 Richard R.H. Sand G.XIX.48, Portraits:XIX. Generation, and X1944 Erwin H. Sand G.XX.38); two from the Bruxner branch (X1917 Oskar von Waechter, great-grandson of Christine Barbara Brandenburg née Brüxner B.XV.48/c; and X1944 Curt G.P. von Hagen, great-grandson of George Edward Bruxner B.XV.48/a/i); and one from the Frankfurt-Palatinate line (X1945 Josef von Sand A.XX.42, Portraits: XX. Generation)
[64] Rudolf Andreas Sand G.XIX.47, killed by gas in a hospital for handicapped persons at Hartheim near Linz/Austria in 1941 (Nazi euthanasia programme “T4”; see T. Matzek, Das Mordschloss: Auf der Spur von NS-Verbrechen in Schloss Hartheim, Vienna 2000); Rosa Stern née Rosenthal from Coburg, died in the German ghetto at Riga/Lettland in 1942 (memorial plate in Coburg’s New Cemetery; see I. Schwierz, Steinerne Zeugen jüdischen Lebens in Bayern: eine Dokumentation, 2nd edn. Munich 1992, p. 214); Carl Julius Sand (D.XVIII.19), frozen to death at age 86 in Berlin in February 1945, and his widow Julie Sand (D.XVIII.20), starved to death in Berlin in 1947
[65] Sir Michael Frederick Bruxner Jr., D.S.O. [1882-1970; Portraits: XIX. Generation], Lieutenant-Colonel in the Palestine campaign and subsequently Deputy Premier of New South Wales; see note 46 above and D. Aitkin, The Colonel: A Political Biography of Sir Michael Bruxner, Canberra 1969, p. 24; Who Was Who vol. 6/AII, London 1972, p. xxxvii; and B. Nairn & G. Serle (eds.), Australian Dictionary of Biography vol. 7 (1891-1939), Melbourne 1979, pp. 468-469
[66] James Hugh Coles, D.S.O. [X1918; Portraits: XIX. Generation, grandson of Wilhelmina Bruxner-Randall B.XV.48/a/vii], Lieutenant-Colonel with the Lancashire Fusiliers; see G.O. Creagh & E.M. Humphris (eds.), The V.C. and D.S.O.: A Complete Record, London 1924
[67] Two Bruxner descendants: Julien Walter Lowndes Bruxner-Randall [X1941, Portraits: XX. Generation]; and Geoffrey Denys Graeme Coles [X1941], memorial plate no. 29 at the Runnymede RAF Memorial
[68] Conrad Theodoor de Iongh [X1943; Portraits: XX. Generation, Gedenkboek van het verzet der Delfische studenten en docenten gedurende de jaren 1940-1945, Delft 1947, p. 105], Runnymede memorial plate no. 124
[69] Jan Alle Bientjes IV [1939-1944]. His father, Dutch Navy Cmdr. Jan Alle Bientjes III [1911-1999, Portraits: XX. Generation, great-grandson of Anna Margaretha Sophie de Vogel née Sand E.XVII.29], survived the sinking of his cruiser Java in 1942, and spent three years in a Japanese P.O.W. camp.
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